Do Martial Artists Have To Register Your Hands As Weapons?

Codified systems and traditions of combat

Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such every bit self-defense; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation'due south intangible cultural heritage.^[1]

Although the term martial fine art has become associated with the fighting arts of East Asia, it originally referred to the gainsay systems of Europe as early equally the 1550s. The term is derived from Latin and means "arts of Mars", the Roman god of state of war.^[ii] Some authors have argued that fighting arts or fighting systems would exist more than appropriate on the footing that many martial arts were never "martial" in the sense of being used or created past professional warriors.^[3]

Variation and scope [edit]

Martial arts may be categorized using a variety of criteria, including:

• Traditional/historical arts vs. contemporary styles: e.g., folk wrestling compared to modern hybrid martial arts.
• Techniques taught: armed vs. unarmed, and within these categories
  • armed: by type of weapon (swordsmanship, stick fighting etc.)
  • unarmed: by type of gainsay (grappling vs. striking, stand up-upward fighting vs. ground fighting)
• By application or intent: self-defence, combat sport, choreography or demonstration of forms, physical fitness, meditation, etc.
• Within Chinese tradition: "external" vs. "internal" styles

By technical focus [edit]

Unarmed [edit]

Unarmed martial arts can be broadly grouped into those focusing on strikes, those focusing on grappling, and those that cover both fields, frequently described as hybrid martial arts.

Strikes

• Punching: Battle, Wing Chun, Karate
• Kicking: Kickboxing, Taekwondo, Capoeira, Savate
• Others using strikes: Lethwei, Muay Thai, Kung Fu, Pencak Silat, Kalaripayattu

Grappling

• Throwing: Hapkido, Judo, Sumo, Wrestling, Aikido
• Joint lock/Chokeholds/Submission holds: Jujutsu, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Sambo, Catch wrestling
• Pinning Techniques: Judo, Wrestling, Aikido

Armed [edit]

The traditional martial arts that cover armed combat often cover a wide spectrum of melee weapons, including bladed weapons and polearms. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, especially those of the German language Renaissance. Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons equally office of their curriculum.

Sometimes, training with one specific weapon may exist considered a way in its own right, especially in the instance of Japanese martial arts, with disciplines such as kenjutsu and kendo (sword), bojutsu (staff), and kyūdō (archery). Similarly, modern martial arts and sports include modern fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de combat, modern competitive archery and applied shooting.

By application or intent [edit]

Combat-oriented [edit]

Wellness-oriented [edit]

Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, as well teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices. This is particularly prevalent in traditional Asian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, herbalism, and other aspects of traditional medicine.

Spirituality-oriented [edit]

Martial arts can also exist linked with religion and spirituality. Numerous systems are reputed to take been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns.

Throughout the Asian arts, meditation may be incorporated as a office of training. In the arts influenced by a mix of Chan Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian philosophy, the practise itself may be used as an assist to attaining mindfulness.

Japanese styles, when apropos not-concrete qualities of the gainsay, are oftentimes strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like "empty mind" and "beginner'southward heed" are recurrent. Aikido practitioners for example, can have a strong philosophical conventionalities of the flow of free energy and peace fostering, as idealised past the fine art's founder Morihei Ueshiba.

Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the practitioner's spiritual and philosophical development. A mutual theme in nearly Korean styles, such as Taekkyon, taekwondo, and Hapkido is the value of "inner peace" in a practitioner, which is stressed to be but achievable through individual meditation and training. The Koreans believe that the use of concrete force is only justifiable for self defense.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Systema draws upon breathing and relaxation techniques, equally well as elements of Russian Orthodox thought, to foster self-conscience and calmness, and to do good the practitioner in different levels: the physical, the psychological and the spiritual.

Some martial arts in diverse cultures tin can be performed in trip the light fantastic-similar settings for various reasons, such as for evoking ferocity in grooming for battle or showing off skill in a more than stylized mode, with capoeira being the most prominent case. Many such martial arts comprise music, especially potent percussive rhythms (see also war dance).

Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name of a Farsi Martial arts inscribed by UNESCO for varzesh-e pahlavāni (Western farsi: آیین پهلوانی و زورخانه‌ای, "heroic sport")^[4] or varzesh-eastward bāstāni ( ورزش باستانی ; varzeš-eastward bāstānī, "ancient sport"), a traditional organization of athletics originally used to train warriors in Iran (Persia), and first appearing under this name and class in the Safavid era, with similarities to systems in adjacent lands nether other names.^{[v] [6]}

History [edit]

Historical martial arts [edit]

Detail of the wrestling fresco in tomb 15 at Beni Hasan.

Homo warfare dates back to the Epipalaeolithic to early on Neolithic era. The oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are cave paintings from eastern Spain (Spanish Levante) dated between ten,000 and vi,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows.^{[vii] [eight]} Similar testify of warfare has been found in Epipalaeolithic to early on Neolithic era mass burials, excavated in Federal republic of germany and at Jebel Sahaba in Northern Sudan.^[7]

Wrestling is the oldest combat sport, with origins in mitt-to-hand combat. Chugalug wrestling was depicted in works of art from Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt c.  3000 BCE, and afterwards in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh.^[9] The earliest known depiction of boxing comes from a Sumerian relief in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the 3rd millennium BCE.^[x]

The foundation of modernistic East Asian martial arts and Southward Asian martial arts is probable facilitated by cultural exchanges of early on Chinese and Indian martial arts. During the Warring States catamenia of Chinese history (480–221 BCE) all-encompassing development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Lord's day Tzu in The Art of State of war (c. 350 BCE).^[xi] Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from ancient Republic of india during the early 5th century CE, with the effigy of Bodhidharma, to China.^[12] Written show of martial arts in Southern Bharat dates back to the Sangam literature of about the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE.^{[ commendation needed ]} The combat techniques of the Sangam period were the earliest precursors to Kalaripayattu.^[13]

In Europe, the earliest sources of martial arts traditions appointment to Ancient Greece. Boxing (pygme, pyx), wrestling (pale) and pankration were represented in the Ancient Olympic Games. The Romans produced gladiatorial combat as a public spectacle.^[xiv]

A number of historical combat manuals accept survived from the European Middle Ages. This includes such styles every bit sword and shield, 2-handed swordfighting and other types of melee weapons also unarmed combat. Amongst these are transcriptions of Johannes Liechtenauer's mnemonic poem on the longsword dating back to the late fourteenth century. Likewise, Asian martial arts became well-documented during the medieval period, Japanese martial arts beginning with the establishment of the samurai nobility in the twelfth century, Chinese martial arts with Ming era treatises such as Ji Xiao Xin Shu, Indian martial arts in medieval texts such as the Agni Purana and the Malla Purana, and Korean martial arts from the Joseon era and texts such as Muyejebo (1598).^{[ commendation needed ]}

European swordsmanship e'er had a sportive component, but the duel was always a possibility until World War I. Mod sport fencing began developing during the 19th century as the French and Italian war machine academies began codifying instruction. The Olympic games led to standard international rules, with the Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded in 1913. Modern boxing originates with Jack Broughton's rules in the 18th century, and reaches its present form with the Marquess of Queensberry Rules of 1867.^{[ citation needed ]}

Folk styles [edit]

Certain traditional combat sports and fighting styles exist all over the globe, rooted in local civilisation and sociology. The most common of these are styles of folk wrestling, some of which have been adept since artifact and are found in the about remote areas. Other examples include forms of stick fighting and battle. While these arts are based on historical traditions of folklore, they are not "historical" in the sense that they reconstruct or preserve a historical system from a specific era. They are rather contemporary regional sports that coexist with the modern forms of martial arts sports as they have developed since the 19th century, often including cross-fertilization betwixt sports and folk styles; thus, the traditional Thai art of muay boran developed into the mod national sport of muay Thai, which in turn came to exist skilful worldwide and contributed significantly to modernistic hybrid styles like kickboxing and mixed martial arts. Singlestick, an English martial art can be seen often utilized in morris dancing. Many European dances share elements of martial arts with examples including Ukrainian Hopak, Polish Zbójnicki (use of ciupaga), the Czech dance odzemek, and the Norwegian Halling.^{[ citation needed ]}

Modern history [edit]

Tardily 19th to early on 20th century [edit]

The mid to late 19th century marks the beginning of the history of martial arts equally modern sports adult out of earlier traditional fighting systems. In Europe, this concerns the developments of boxing, wrestling and fencing as sports. In Japan, the same period marks the germination of the modern forms of judo, jujutsu, karate, and kendo (among others) based on revivals of old schools of Edo period martial arts which had been suppressed during the Meiji Restoration^{[ citation needed ]} Modern muay Thai rules appointment to the 1920s. In People's republic of china, the modernistic history of martial arts begins in the Nanjing decade (1930s) following the foundation of the Central Guoshu Institute in 1928 nether the Kuomintang government.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Western involvement in Asian martial arts arises towards the end of the 19th century, due to the increase in trade betwixt the United States with People's republic of china and Nihon.^{[ commendation needed ]} Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, because it to exist mere functioning. Edward William Barton-Wright, a railway engineer who had studied jujutsu while working in Japan betwixt 1894 and 1897, was the commencement homo known to take taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an eclectic style named Bartitsu which combined jujutsu, judo, wrestling, battle, savate and stick fighting.^{[ citation needed ]}

Fencing and Greco-Roman wrestling was included in the 1896 Summertime Olympics. FILA Wrestling World Championships and Boxing at the Summer Olympics were introduced in 1904. The tradition of awarding championship belts in wrestling and boxing can be traced to the Lonsdale Belt, introduced in 1909.^[15]

20th century (1914 to 1989) [edit]

Jackie Chan, one of the best known actors and martial artists.

The International Boxing Clan was established in 1920. Globe Fencing Championships have been held since 1921.

As Western influence grew in Asia a greater number of military personnel spent fourth dimension in Communist china, Japan and Republic of korea during World State of war II and the Korean War and were exposed to local fighting styles. Jujutsu, judo and karate first became pop amid the mainstream from the 1950s–1960s. Due in part to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies, most modern American martial arts are either Asian-derived or Asian influenced.^[sixteen] The term kickboxing (キックボクシング) was created by the Japanese boxing promoter Osamu Noguchi for a variant of muay Thai and karate that he created in the 1950s. American kickboxing was developed in the 1970s, as a combination of boxing and karate. Taekwondo was adult in the context of the Korean War in the 1950s.

The later 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media involvement in Chinese martial arts, influenced past martial artist Bruce Lee. Bruce Lee is credited equally ane of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to Westerners.^[17] World Judo Championships have been held since 1956, Judo at the Summer Olympics was introduced in 1964. Karate World Championships were introduced in 1970.

The "kung fu moving ridge" of Hong Kong activeness picture palace in the 1970s, specially Bruce Lee films, popularized martial arts in global pop culture. A number of mainstream films produced during the 1980s also contributed significantly to the perception of martial arts in Western popular culture. These include The Karate Child (1984) and Bloodsport (1988). This era produced some Hollywood action stars with martial arts groundwork, such as Jean-Claude Van Damme and Chuck Norris.

Also during the 20th century, a number of martial arts were adjusted for cocky-defence force purposes for military mitt-to-manus combat. World State of war Two combatives, KAPAP (1930s) and Krav Maga (1950s) in State of israel, Systema in Soviet-era Russia, and Sanshou in the People's Commonwealth of Red china are examples of such systems. The US armed forces de-emphasized hand-to-hand gainsay training during the Cold State of war flow, simply revived information technology with the introduction of LINE in 1989.

1990 to nowadays [edit]

In 1993, the first Pancrase event was held in Japan.^[18] The K-1 rules of kickboxing were introduced, based on 1980s Seidokaikan karate.^{[ commendation needed ]}

During the 1990s, Brazilian jiu-jitsu became popular and proved to be effective in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions such equally the UFC and PRIDE.^[19]

Jackie Chan and Jet Li are prominent martial artists who accept become major motion picture figures. Their popularity and media presence has been at the forefront for promoting Chinese martial arts since the late 20th and early on 21st centuries.^{[ commendation needed ]}

With the continual discovery of more than medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of Historical European Martial Arts and other Western Martial Arts have been growing^{[ citation needed ]} in popularity beyond the United States and Europe.^{[ commendation needed ]}

On 29 November 2011, UNESCO inscribed Taekkyon onto its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List.^[20]

Revival [edit]

Many styles of Indian martial arts were banned past the colonial authorities during the period of British dominion in Republic of india, which led to a reject in their popularity.^[21] Some, such as Kalaripayattu, did non undergo such declines since they were mostly practised in areas of the Indian subcontinent outside directly British control. Other Indian martial art, such as Silambam, while not widely practiced in India, continue to be practiced in other countries in the Indian cultural sphere such equally Republic of indonesia and Malaysia. Many other Indian martial arts such as Mardhani Khel and Paika Akhada survived by practitioners practicing the art in cloak-and-dagger, or by telling the colonial authorities that it was a form of dance. While many regional Indian martial arts forms are fading into obscurity, martial arts such as Gatka and Kalaripayattu are experiencing a gradual resurgence.^[22]

Testing and competition [edit]

Testing or evaluation is of import to martial artists of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or ain level of skill in specific contexts. Students often undergo periodic testing and grading by their own teacher in social club to advance to a higher level of recognized accomplishment, such as a different chugalug color or title. The type of testing used varies from system to arrangement but may include forms or sparring.

Diverse forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments. Some competitions pit practitioners of dissimilar disciplines against each other using a common prepare of rules, these are referred to every bit mixed martial arts competitions. Rules for sparring vary between art and arrangement but can more often than not exist divided into calorie-free-contact, medium-contact, and full-contact variants, reflecting the amount of force that should be used on an opponent.

Lite- and medium-contact [edit]

These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may be used to hit an opponent, in the case of lite sparring this is normally to 'touch' contact, e.thou. a punch should be 'pulled' as before long as or earlier contact is made. In medium-contact (sometimes referred to as semi-contact) the punch would not be 'pulled' simply not hit with full strength. Every bit the amount of force used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is not to knock out an opponent; a betoken system is used in competitions.

A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to command the match, while judges mark down scores, equally in boxing. Detail targets may exist prohibited, certain techniques may be forbidden (such as headbutting or groin hits), and fighters may be required to wear protective equipment on their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. Some grappling arts, such as aikido, use a similar method of compliant training that is equivalent to light or medium contact.

In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based on the landing of a single technique or strike as judged by the referee, whereupon the referee will briefly stop the friction match, award a point, then restart the match. Alternatively, sparring may proceed with the point noted past the judges. Some critics of point sparring feel that this method of training teaches habits that effect in lower combat effectiveness. Lighter-contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other situations when heavy contact would exist inappropriate (such as beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used every bit training for full contact.

Full-contact [edit]

Total-contact sparring or competition, where strikes or techniques are not pulled but used with full force as the proper noun implies, has a number of tactical differences from light and medium-contact sparring. It is considered past some to be requisite in learning realistic unarmed combat.^[23]

In full-contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is to knock out the opponent or to force the opponent to submit. Where scoring takes place it may exist a subsidiary measure, only used if no clear winner has been established past other means; in some competitions, such as the UFC 1, there was no scoring, though most now use some form of judging equally a backup.^[24] Due to these factors, full-contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, merely rule sets may however mandate the utilize of protective equipment, or limit the techniques allowed.

Nearly all mixed martial arts organizations such as UFC, Pancrase, Shooto use a form of full-contact rules as do professional boxing organizations and G-1. Kyokushin karate requires avant-garde practitioners to engage in bare-knuckled, total-contact sparring allowing kicks, knees and punching although punching to the head is disallowed while wearing only a karate gi and groin protector. Brazilian jiu-jitsu and judo matches do not let striking, but are total-contact in the sense that full strength is practical in the permitted grappling and submission techniques. Competitions held by World Taekwondo requires the utilize of Headgear and padded vest, just are full contact in the sense that full forcefulness is practical to strikes to the head and torso, and win by knockout is possible.

Martial sport [edit]

Martial arts have crossed over into sports when forms of sparring get competitive, becoming a sport in its ain right that is dissociated from the original combative origin, such as with western fencing. The Summer Olympic Games includes judo, taekwondo, western archery, boxing, javelin, wrestling and fencing as events, while Chinese wushu recently failed in its bid to be included, but is notwithstanding actively performed in tournaments beyond the world. Practitioners in some arts such every bit kickboxing and Brazilian jiu-jitsu oft train for sport matches, whereas those in other arts such every bit aikido generally spurn such competitions. Some schools believe that contest breeds better and more than efficient practitioners, and gives a sense of good sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under which contest takes place have macerated the gainsay effectiveness of martial arts or encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such every bit cultivating a particular moral graphic symbol.

The question of "which is the best martial art" has led to inter style competitions fought with very few rules allowing a variety of fighting styles to enter with few limitations. This was the origin of the first Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament (later renamed UFC 1: The Beginning) in the USA inspired by the Brazilian Vale tudo tradition and along with other minimal dominion competitions, most notably those from Nihon such equally Shooto and Pancrase, have evolved into the gainsay sport of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA).

Some martial artists compete in non-sparring competitions such as breaking or choreographed routines of techniques such equally poomse, kata and aka, or modern variations of the martial arts which include dance-influenced competitions such as tricking. Martial traditions have been influenced past governments to get more sport-like for political purposes; the central impetus for the attempt by the People's Democracy of China in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated sport of wushu was suppressing what they saw as the potentially subversive aspects of martial training, especially under the traditional organization of family lineages.^[25]

Wellness and fettle benefits [edit]

Martial arts training aims to effect in several benefits to trainees, such equally their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health.^[26]

Through systematic practice in the martial arts a person's physical fitness may be boosted (strength, stamina, speed, flexibility, motion coordination, etc.) every bit the whole body is exercised and the entire muscular system is activated.^{[ citation needed ]} Beyond contributing to physical fitness, martial arts training also has benefits for mental wellness, contributing to self-esteem, self-control, emotional and spiritual well-being. For this reason, a number of martial arts schools have focused purely on therapeutic aspects, de-emphasizing the historical aspect of self-defense or gainsay completely.^{[ citation needed ]}

According to Bruce Lee, martial arts also have the nature of an fine art, since at that place is emotional communication and consummate emotional expression.^{[ citation needed ]}

Self-defense, military and law enforcement applications [edit]

Some traditional martial concepts have seen new utilize within modernistic military preparation. Perhaps the most contempo example of this is bespeak shooting which relies on musculus memory to more than effectively utilize a firearm in a diversity of awkward situations, much the way an iaidoka would main movements with their sword.

During the World State of war II era William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes were recruited past the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to teach their martial fine art of Defendu (itself drawing on Western boxing and Jujutsu) and pistol shooting to Great britain, US, and Canadian special forces. The book Impale or Get Killed, written by Colonel Male monarch Applegate, was based on the Defendu taught by Sykes and Fairbairn. Both Fairbairn'south Go Tough and Appelgate's Kill or Get Killed became classic works on manus-to-hand combat.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Traditional hand-to-hand, knife, and spear techniques proceed to run across use in the blended systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include European Unifight, the US Army'southward Combatives system adult by Matt Larsen, the Israeli army's KAPAP and Krav Maga, and the U.s.a. Marine Corps's Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Unarmed dagger defenses identical to those found in the manual of Fiore dei Liberi and the Codex Wallerstein were integrated into the U.S. Ground forces'south training manuals in 1942^[27] and go along to influence today's systems along with other traditional systems such as eskrima and silat.^{[ citation needed ]}

The rifle-mounted bayonet which has its origin in the spear, has seen use by the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps, and the British Army as recently every bit the Iraq State of war.^[28]

Many martial arts are too seen and used in Law Enforcement hand-to-hand training. For instance, the Tokyo Riot Police force'southward use of aikido.^[29]

Martial arts manufacture [edit]

Martial arts since the 1970s has become a meaning industry, a subset of the wider sport industry (including cinema and sports television set).^{[ citation needed ]}

Hundreds of millions of people worldwide exercise some form of martial art. Spider web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry building of Foreign Diplomacy) claims there are 50 1000000 karate practitioners worldwide.^[xxx] The Due south Korean government in 2009 published an guess that taekwondo is practiced by seventy million people in 190 countries.^[31]

The wholesale value of martial arts related sporting equipment shipped in the United States was estimated at US$314 million in 2007; participation in the same year was estimated at 6.9 million (ages 6 or older, 2% of US population).^[32] R. A. Courtroom, CEO of Martial Arts Channel, stated the total revenue of the Usa martial arts industry at Us$xl billion and the number of United states of america practitioners at 30 million in 2003.^[33]

Equipment [edit]

Martial arts equipment can include that which is used for conditioning, protection and weapons. Specialized conditioning equipment tin include breaking boards, dummy partners such as the wooden dummy, and targets such as punching numberless and the makiwara. Protective equipment for sparring and competition includes battle gloves, headgear and mouthguards.^[34]

Martial arts fraud [edit]

Asian martial arts experienced a surge of popularity in the west during the 1970s, and the rising demand resulted in numerous depression quality or fraudulent schools. Fueled past fictional depictions in martial arts movies, this led to the ninja craze of the 1980s in the Usa.^[35] In that location were also numerous fraudulent ads for martial arts grooming programs, inserted into comic books circa the 1960s and 1970s, which were read primarily by adolescent boys.^[36]

In the seventies, lower ranks (kyu) began to be given colorful belts to evidence progress. This proved to be commercially viable and colored-belt systems were adopted in many martial arts caste mills (likewise known every bit McDojos and belt factories) equally a means to generate additional cash. This was covered in the Penn & Teller: Bullshit! episode "Martial Arts" (June 2010).^{[ citation needed ]}

Run across also [edit]

• Martial arts timeline
• History of martial arts
• List of martial arts

References [edit]

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2. ^ Clements, John (Jan 2006). "A Brusk Introduction to Historical European Martial Arts" (PDF). Meibukan Magazine (Special Edition No. 1): ii–four. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
3. ^ Donn F. Draeger and P'ng Chye Khim (1979). Shaolin Lohan Kung-fu. Tuttle Publishing.
4. ^ official IZSF
5. ^ Martial arts at Encyclopædia Iranica
6. ^ "Pahlevani and Zoorkhanei rituals". {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
7. ^ ^{a b} Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the ancient Virtually East to 1600 BC : holy warriors at the dawn of history (Repr. ed.). New York: Routledge. p. fifteen. ISBN978-0415255899.
8. ^ Nash, George, "Assessing rank and warfare strategy in prehistoric hunter-gatherer society: a report of representational warrior figures in rock-fine art from the Spanish Levant" in: M. Parker Pearson & I.J.N. Thorpe (eds.), Warfare, violence and slavery in prehistory: proceedings of a Prehistoric Gild conference at Sheffield Academy, 2005, Archaeopress, ISBN 1841718165, 978-1841718163, Fully online, Bristol University
9. ^ "Wrestling". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2 September 2019.
10. ^ Michael Poliakoff. "Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Boxing". Britannica.com . Retrieved 18 May 2013.
11. ^ "Sun Tzu Biography and Introduction: Sun Tzu The Art of War and Strategy Site by". Sonshi. Com. Retrieved seven November 2010.
12. ^ Reid, Howard and Croucher, Michael (1983). The Way of the Warrior – The Paradox of the Martial Arts. New York: Overlook Press^{[ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]}
13. ^ "Actualizing Ability and Crafting a Cocky in Kalarippayattu". spa.exeter.ac.uk . Retrieved 29 Feb 2016.
14. ^ "Roman Games, Chariot Races & Spectacle". World History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
15. ^ "Lonsdale Belt | boxing | Britannica". world wide web.britannica.com . Retrieved i March 2022.
16. ^ Berreby, David (28 August 1988). "The Martial Arts as Moneymakers". The New York Times . Retrieved 4 Dec 2010.
17. ^ "Jeet Kune Do". absolutedefense.net. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
18. ^ "The origins, history and rules from the early on days of Pancrase circa 1993". bloodyelbow.com. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
19. ^ "fighting art used in the UFC". UFC.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved vii November 2010.
20. ^ "UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention". UNESCO.org.
21. ^ Tandon, Nikita. "Reviving the Lost Martial Arts of India". The Armchair Lounge. Archived from the original on 21 Baronial 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
22. ^ Manoharan, Suresh K. "History of Varmakalai". world wide web.varmam.org . Retrieved ane March 2016.
23. ^ "Aliveness 101". Straight Nail gym. Archived from the original on vii January 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2008. – An essay on contact levels in training
24. ^ Dave Meltzer (12 November 2007). "First UFC forever altered gainsay sports". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on iv June 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
25. ^ Fu, Zhongwen (2006) [1996]. Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Berkeley, California: Bluish Ophidian Books.
26. ^ Bu, Bin; Haijun, Han; Yong, Liu; Chaohui, Zhang; Xiaoyuan, Yang; Singh, Maria Fiatarone (2010). "Effects of martial arts on health condition: A systematic review". Periodical of Testify-Based Medicine. 3 (iv): 205–219. doi:ten.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01107.10. PMID 21349072. S2CID 41065668.
27. ^ Vail, Jason (2006). Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat. Paladin Press. pp. 91–95.
28. ^ Sean Rayment (thirteen June 2004). "British battalion 'attacked every solar day for six weeks'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on xi January 2022. Retrieved xi December 2008.
29. ^ Twigger, R. (1997). Aroused White Pyjamas. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0753808580^{[ page needed ]}
30. ^ "Martial Arts : Fact Sheet" (PDF). Web-japan.org. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
31. ^ Kim, H.-S. (2009): Taekwondo: A new strategy for Brand Korea Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Auto (21 December 2009). Retrieved on eight Jan 2010.
32. ^ Jack W. Plunkett (2009). Plunkett's Sports Industry Almanac, ISBN 978-1593921408.
33. ^ Black Belt Mag September 2003, p. 20.
34. ^ "The Importance Of A Mouthguard When Playing Sport". Orthodontics Australia. 21 February 2020. Retrieved half-dozen October 2020.
35. ^ see "The Real Deal, The Buzzwords and the Latest Trend" Black Belt Magazine, June 1999, p. 78.
36. ^ Tom Heintjes (20 June 2017). "The Deadliest Ads Alive! | Hogan's Aisle". Cartoonician.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved thirteen August 2015.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts

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